Chapter 1: Bricks, Beads and Bones – The Harappan Civilisation 1. Introduction The Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilization) flourished around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. One of the earliest urban civilizations, contemporary to Mesopotamia and Egypt. Named after Harappa, the first site discovered in 1921 (Punjab, Pakistan). 2. Sources of Information Archaeological remains: buildings, pottery, seals, tools, ornaments, etc. No deciphered written records; the script is yet undeciphered. Inferences are made based on material remains. 3. Significant Harappan Sites Harappa: First site discovered; granaries, citadel. Mohenjo-Daro: Located in Sindh; known for Great Bath, granary. Dholavira (Gujarat): Water management, inscriptions on stone. Lothal (Gujarat): Dockyard, bead-making factory. Kalibangan (Rajasthan): Ploughed field evidence. 4. Town Planning Cities had a grid pattern, roads intersected at right angles. Divided into: Citadel (upper part): for elites, public buildings....